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Interdisciplinary Studies of Science and Technology in the U.S. and Canada

Keywords: STS Programs; Science and Technology Studies; Science, Technology, and Society; STS undergraduate programs; STS graduate programs

By David J. Hess

There is no commonly accepted term for the interdisciplinary studies of science and technology. The term "STS" can refer either to "science, technology, and society” or to “science and technology studies.” "Science, technology, and society" programs tend to focus on contemporary issues, and they usually have a values and policy component. In some cases departments and programs in "science and technology studies" include history and philosophy within their purview, and there may be a trend for STS as "science and technology studies" to be the generic term for the field that includes "science, technology, and society" as well as disciplinary studies of science and technology in history, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and public policy.

The history and philosophy of science and medicine programs date back to the first half of the twentieth century, and they are often housed in the elite, comprehensive universities. The Johns Hopkins University Department of History of Medicine, which was founded in 1929, claims to be the oldest department of its kind. Likewise, the University of Wisconsin Department of the History of Science was founded in 1941 and claims to be the first independent history of science department in the U.S. Frequently programs and departments in the history of science collaborate with, and in some cases are housed together with, those in the philosophy of science, such as at Indiana and Pittsburgh. Programs in the history of technology may also be combined with those in the history of science, but in several institutions there are separate programs in the history of technology. Over time, some of the programs in the history and philosophy of science have merged with faculty from other humanities and social sciences disciplines to form broader programs in "science and technology studies." For example, in the 1990s Virginia Tech added a social science curriculum to its graduate history and philosophy offerings, and in 2004 the University of California at Davis announced that it was renaming its history and philosophy of science program the "science and technology studies" programs.

Other STS programs developed more from initiatives in undergraduate general education. The first science, technology, and society programs involved faculty across the university—from the humanities and social sciences as well as from the sciences and engineering—who cooperated to provide undergraduate general education in contemporary societal dimensions of science and technology. The model was pioneered in 1968/1969 at Cornell and Pennsylvania State University, and similar programs emerged at SUNY Stony Brook, Lehigh, and Stanford.¹ The model of highly interdisciplinary faculty participation in undergraduate STS education continues to be influential in universities that have implemented broad core requirements in science, technology, and society, such as the School of Science at Michigan State University and Clemson University. A second type of STS program developed from programs of humanists and social scientists housed either in schools of engineering or in small schools of the humanities and social sciences in technological universities. Such programs often offer a mix of disciplinary curricula in humanities and social science fields and interdisciplinary STS curriculum, but they have focused on pioneering interdisciplinary STS doctoral programs at the graduate level. In some cases programs developed into the first STS departments, such as Rensselaer, Rochester Institute of Technology, and Virginia Tech. Cornell's science, technology, and society program also grew into a Department of Science and Technology Studies led by humanists and social scientists.

A third type of interdisciplinary study of science and technology is found in the policy area. Some programs are closely connected with schools of engineering or housed in them, and they have a highly technical flavor. A second type appears in schools of public policy and public administration, which increasingly are providing offerings in science and technology policy. Schools of information science and information policy also include faculty and research centers with STS-related interests.

Doctoral programs in STS are often grouped into subcategories. The following listing is for doctoral programs that have specific curricula or programs in STS-related fields that are described on their web sites. The listing of programs is not exhaustive, but it provides some indication of well-known doctoral programs with particular strengths. In many cases there are disciplinary programs in history, philosophy, and the social sciences that have faculty strengths in studies of science, technology, and medicine but no dedicated programs (such as Michigan and Columbia in the philosophy of science).

Ph.D. in interdisciplinary STS: Cornell, MIT, Rensselaer, Virginia Tech

Interdisciplinary STS programs that support disciplinary Ph.D. programs: Northwestern, UC Davis, UC San Diego, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, U Wisconsin

History of Science and Medicine (there are many programs housed in history departments; the following list is of doctoral programs in universities that have independent departments or large, endowed institutes for the history of science or medicine): Harvard, Johns Hopkins, McGill, U Chicago, U Oklahoma, U Pennsylvania, U Toronto, U Wisconsin

History of Technology: Auburn, Case-Western Reserve, Georgia Tech, U Delaware, U Pennsylvania (note that the four interdisciplinary STS programs also have faculty strengths in the history of technology)

Philosophy of Science:2 Indiana, Notre Dame, UC Irvine, U Pittsburgh, U Minnesota, U Toronto, U Wisconsin

Engineering and Policy: Carnegie-Mellon, MIT, Washington University

Science and Technology Policy: George Washington, Georgia Tech, Harvard, Princeton, U Delaware (note that Rensselaer and Virginia Tech’s STS doctoral programs have tracks or curricular clusters in policy).

There are many disciplinary degrees (e.g., in philosophy, history, sociology, anthropology) where students can focus on science and technology. Some of the departments may offer better faculty resources in specific areas than the programs listed above. The listing below is limited to programs and departments that have explicitly developed curriculum, concentrations, certificates, or degrees in STS-related fields and have described the developments on their web sites.

For STS links, see: http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/mds/stslinks.html

Auburn University. Master’s and Ph.D. in history with concentration in the history of technology via the Department of History < http://cla.auburn.edu/history/index.htm>.

Boston University. M.A. in philosophy with a concentration in the philosophy of science offered by the Philosophy Department and Center of Philosophy and History of Science <http://www.bu.edu/philo/grad/MA-PHS/PHS-MAprgrm.html>.

Brown University. Undergraduate concentration and focus in the field of Science and Technology Studies via the Committee on Science and Technology Studies <http://www.brown.edu/Faculty/COSTS/index.html>. The university also has a department of the History of Mathematics, but as of 2003 it no longer admits doctoral students. <http://www.brown.edu/Departments/History_Mathematics/>.

California Institute of Technology. Undergraduate minor, “option” (major), and graduate minors in Science, Ethics, and Society via the program of the same name. <http://www.hss.caltech.edu/humanities/ses/grad>.

Carleton College. Undergraduate major in environment and technology studies from the Environment and Technology Studies Program <http://webapps.acs.carleton.edu/curricular/ents/>.

Carnegie Mellon University. The Department of History offers disciplinary undergraduate degrees and two Ph.D. programs: History and Policy, and Social and Cultural History. The former program has a track in Science, Technology, and Business. <http://www.hss.cmu.edu/departments/history/grad/science_tech_business.html>. The Department of Engineering and Public Policy in the School of Engineering offers a dual major and minor in technology and policy at the undergraduate level and a Ph.D. in engineering and public policy <http://www.epp.cmu.edu/index.html>.

Case Western Reserve University. Undergraduate bachelor’s degree in history and philosophy of science, and master’s and Ph.D. in history with a focus on Science, Technology, the Environment, and Medicine, via the History Department
<http://www.case.edu/artsci/hsty/>.

City University of New York, Graduate Program in History. Ph.D. in history with history of science as a field of study <http://web.gc.cuny.edu/History/fields/science.html>.

Clark University. Bachelor’s and master’s in environmental science and policy from the Environmental Science and Policy Program of the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment <http://www.clarku.edu/departments/idce/environmentalscience/history.shtml>

Clarkson University. Honors curriculum on science, technology, and society <http://www.clarkson.edu/honors/>.

Claremont Colleges: Undergraduate major and minor in Science, Technology, and Society <http://www.sts.pomona.edu/>.

Clemson University. Undergraduate minor in STS and undergraduate general education course requirement for all students <http://www.registrar.clemson.edu/publicat/catalog/sections/minors/>.

Colby College: undergraduate major and minor in Science, Technology, and Society. <http://www.colby.edu/sts/index.html>

Columbia University. Concentration in science and technology policy in master’s programs in the School of Public and International Affairs <http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/mia/stp.html>; M.A. in the philosophical foundations of physics offered by the Philosophy Department and Physics Department <http://www.columbia.edu/cu/philosophy/Graduate/physics.html>.

Cornell University. Undergraduate major in Science and Technology Studies and Biology and Society; Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies via the Department of Science and Technology Studies. The interdisciplinary graduate program includes strengths in history, philosophy, and sociology <http://www.sts.cornell.edu/>.

Drexel University. Undergraduate minor in Science, Technology, and Human Affairs and M.S. in Science, Technology, and Society via the Department of History and Politics <http://www.drexel.edu/academics/coas/depts/histpol/grad.htm>.

Duke University. Bachelor’s degree in history with concentration in history of science, technology, and medicine; M.A. and Ph.D. in history with a concentration in history of medicine or history of science and technology <http://www-history.aas.duke.edu/>.

George Washington University. Master’s in International Science and Technology Policy in Center for International Science and Technology Policy in the Elliot School of International Affairs, and focus in international science and technology policy in Ph.D. programs in public policy, political science, and engineering management. <http://www.gwu.edu/~cistp/index1.html>.

Georgia Tech. B.S. in History, Technology, and Society and M.S. and Ph.D. in History and Technology via the School of History, Technology, and Society <http://www.hts.gatech.edu>. Certificate and minor in Philosophy, Science, and Technology at the undergraduate level and concentration in science and technology policy in the master’s and Ph.D. in public policy in the School of Public Policy <http://www.spp.gatech.edu/academics/main.html>.

Harvard University. Undergraduate major in history and science and Ph.D. in history of science via the Department of History of Science. <http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Ehsdept/>. Ph.D. in history of medicine jointly sponsored by the Department of History of Science and Department of Social Medicine <http://www.hms.harvard.edu/dsm/WorkFiles/html/academics/history/history.html>. Graduate courses in the Kennedy School of Government via the Program on Science, Technology, and Society <http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/sts/courses.html>.

Harvey Mudd. See Claremont Colleges.

Indiana University. Undergraduate minor and certificate, master’s, and Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science from the Department of History and Philosophy of Science <http://www.indiana.edu/~hpscdept/index.cgi?ind>.

Iowa State University. M.A. and Ph.D. in history via the Program in the History of Technology and Science <http://www.public.iastate.edu/~history_info/hots/hots%20program.htm#degree>.

Johns Hopkins University. Undergraduate major, Ph.D. in the history of medicine, and Ph.D. in the history of science and technology via the Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine of the Department of the History of Science and Technology of the School of Arts and Sciences and the History of Medicine Department in the Institute of the History of Medicine at the Medical School <http://www.hsmt.jhu.edu/hsmt-graduate.html>.

Kansas State University. BA in history with a concentration in history of science and technology; Ph.D. in history with a focus on the history of science studies < http://www.ksu.edu/history/>.

Lehigh University. Undergraduate minor and major in Science, Technology, and Society via program of that name <http://www.lehigh.edu/~insts/insts.html>.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Undergraduate minor and major in Science, Technology, and Society offered by the Program in Science, Technology, and Society, and Ph.D. in the History and Social Study of Science and Technology (HSSST) that is co-sponsored by STS, the Anthropology Program, and the History Faculty. The interdisciplinary graduate program’s strengths are in history and anthropology. Master’s in technology and policy and Ph.D. in Technology, Management and Policy (TMP) via the Technology and Policy Program within the Engineering Systems Division. <http://web.mit.edu/sts> and <http://tppserver.mit.edu/>.

McGill University. Undergraduate minor in history and philosophy of science; master’s and Ph.D. in history of medicine via the Department of History and the Department of Social Medicine <http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/programs/history/graduates/PhD_Programme.htm>.

Michigan State University. Undergraduate core requirement in Science and Technology Studies at the Lyman Briggs School of Science <http://www.msu.edu/unit/lbs/classes/sts.html>. Undergraduate “specialization” in Science, Technology, Environment, and Public Policy” via the James Madison College <http://www.jmc.msu.edu/programs/stepps.asp>.

Michigan Technological University. Undergraduate focus on science, technology, and society in the B.S. in social sciences, M.S. in industrial archeology and history, and Ph.D. program in industrial heritage and archaeology, both in the Department of Social Sciences < http://www.social.mtu.edu/index.html>.

Montana State University. BA in history with an option in Science, Technology, Environment, and Society; M.A. and Ph.D. in history with a major field in Science, Technology, and Society, offered via the Department of History and Philosophy < http://www.montana.edu/wwwhi/>.

New Jersey Institute of Technology. See Rutgers.

New York University. Interdisciplinary graduate courses offered by the Institutue for the History of Production of Knowledge < http://www.nyu.edu/fas/ihpk/index.htm>.

North Carolina State. Undergraduate minor, B.A., and B.S. in Science, Technology, and Society via the Division of Multidisiplinary Studies <http://www.ncsu.edu/chass/mds/sts_degrees.html>.

Northwestern University. Individually tailored adjunct major and minor at the undergraduate level, and Ph.D. in history with a focus on history of science, technology, or medicine via the Science in Human Culture program. The program also supports graduate curriculum in other disciplines <http://www.shc.northwestern.edu/index.htm>.

Oregon State University. M.A. and Ph.D. in History of Science via the Program in History of Science of the History Department <http://oregonstate.edu/dept/history/hist_sci.htm>.

Pennsylvania State University. Undergraduate and graduate minors via program in Science, Technology, and Society in the College of Engineering, and undergraduate major in Science, Technology, and Society via the Letters, Arts, and Sciences major <http://www.engr.psu.edu/sts/>. The Science, Medicine, and Technology and Culture Group links faculty across departments and schools and provides a focus for disciplinary doctoral study related to STS in various departments and programs, including history, English, philosophy, anthropology, and women’s studies. <http://www.psu.edu/dept/smtc/about.html>.

Princeton University. Ph.D. in history with a focus on history of science from the Program in the History of Science of the History Department <http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/>. Courses in science and technology policy provided as part of undergraduate concentration and certificate in public and international affairs; MPA with a certificate in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy (STEP); Ph.D. in public and international affairs with a focus on STEP via the STEP program in the Woodrow Wilson School <http://www.wws.princeton.edu/~step/>.

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Undergraduate minor and major in Science, Technology, and Society; M.S. and Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies, via the Department of Science and Technology Studies. The interdisciplinary graduate program also includes policy, history, and social science courses. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/sts

Rochester Institute of Technology. Undergraduate core courses, three-course concentrations, and minor in science and technology studies and related topics from the Department of Science, Technology, and Society <http://www.rit.edu/~696www/STS/STSHome.html>.

Rutgers University/New Jersey Institute of Technology. Bachelor’s degree in science, technology, and society via the Department of Social Science and Policy Studies at NJIT <http://www.njit.edu/njIT/catalog/undergraduate/91/24-und.html>. Master’s in history, MAT (teaching), and Ph.D. in history with a specialty in History of Technology, Environment, and Health offered jointly by Rutgers and NJIT <http://history.rutgers.edu/HTEH/htehindex.htm>. The graduate program in political science has courses in science, technology, and public policy <http://tecn.rutgers.edu/politicalscience/>.

Santa Clara University. Interdisciplinary undergraduate minor in information technology and society via the Center for Science, Technology, and Society. <http://www.scu.edu/sts/integratededucation/itsminor.cfm>.

Stanford University: Undergraduate major in Science, Technology, and Society via the STS Program; interdisciplinary major in History and Science via Department of History; major in History and Philosophy of Science via the Department of Philosophy; concentration in history of science and medicine via program in human biology; concentration in anthropology of science via Department of Cultural and Social Anthropology; concentration in ancient science via Department of Classics. Graduate concentration in history and philosophy of science in the M.A. and Ph.D. programs in the History Department and Philosophy Department <http://www.stanford.edu/group/STS/stsfaq.html> and <http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPST/aboutprogram.html>.

State University of New York at Stony Brook. Ph.D. in history with a concentration area in Environment, Science, and Health <http://www.sunysb.edu/history/graduate/program/doctoral.htm>.

State University of New York, Institute of Technology (SUNY IT). Undergraduate minor in Science, Technology, and Society <http://sts.sunyit.edu/>.

State University of New York, Stony Brook. Undergraduate minor in Technology and Society and masters in Technological Systems Management via the Department of Technology and Society in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences. <http://www.stonybrook.edu/est/welcome/>.

Université du Québec à Montréal. Centre Interuniversitaire de Recherche sur la Science et la Technologie provides support for disciplinary M.A. and Ph.D. programs in history, philosophy, and sociology <http://www.sts.uqam.ca/accueil/accueil.asp>.

University of Alberta. Ph.D. in history with a focus in the history of science and medicine via the History Department <http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/historyandclassics/graduateprogram.cfm>.

University of Calgardy. B.A., B.Sc., or a minor in STS. <http://www.comcul.ucalgary.ca/content/view/162/181/)>.

University of California Berkeley. Master’s and Ph.D. in history with a concentration in the history of science, offered by the Department of History and Office for the History of Science and Technology < http://ohst7.berkeley.edu/Grad/degree.html>.

University of California, Davis. Interdisciplinary minor in History and Philosophy of Science sponsored by the Program in the History and Philosophy of Science <http://registrar.ucdavis.edu/UCDWebCatalog/programs/HPS/HPSreqt.html>, minor in science and society sponsored by the College of Agricultural and Life Sciences <http://registrar.ucdavis.edu/UCDWebCatalog/programs/SAS/SASfac.html>, and undergraduate and graduate courses in science and technologies studies <http://registrar.ucdavis.edu/UCDWebCatalog/programs/STS/STSprog.html>.

University of California at Irvine. Undergraduate sequence/minor and BA in Logic and Philosophy of Science from the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, BA in physics and philosophy of physics from the Departments of Physics and of Logic and Philosophy of Science; Ph.D. in philosophy with a logic and philosophy of science track administered by the Departments of Philosophy and of Logic and Philosophy of Science <http://hypatia.ss.uci.edu/lps/home/>.

University of California, Los Angeles. Undergraduate minor in history of science and medicine and Ph.D. in history with a concentration in science, technology, and/or medicine via the History Department <http://www.history.ucla.edu>. The program on Science, Technology, and Society, which is located in the Medical School, currently does not offer degree curriculum <http://research.arc2.ucla.edu/pmts/>.

University of California at San Diego. Concentrations and interdisciplinary seminars in science studies available for disciplinary Ph.D. programs in communication, history, philosophy, and sociology, associated with the Science Studies programs and the four respective departments <http://sciencestudies.ucsd.edu/about.html>.

University of California, San Francisco. Ph.D. in the history of health sciences via the Department of Anthropology, History, and Social Medicine of the School of Medicine and the Office for the History of Science of the University of California, Berkeley <http://dahsm.medschool.ucsf.edu/>.

University of California, Santa Barbara. Ph.D. in history with a focus on science, technology, and medicine via the Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in the History Department <http://www.history.ucsb.edu/fields/hos.htm#overview>.

University of Chicago. Undergraduate concentration in history of science via the History Department <http://history.uchicago.edu/collegiatehistory/index.html>. Ph.D. program in the history of science via the History Department and the Morris Fishbein Center for the History of Medicine <http://social-sciences.uchicago.edu/fishbein/proginfo.html>. Undergraduate program in the history, philosophy, and social studies of science and medicine, master's, and Ph.D in the history and philosophy of science via the Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Foundations of Science <http://humanities.uchicago.edu/cmtes/chss/degreqsphd.html>.

University of Delaware. Ph.D. in history of technology and industrialization via the History Department and Hagley Museum <http://www.udel.edu/History/hist/text/gradframe.html>. Ph.D. in urban affairs and public policy with a technology, environment, and society specialization via the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy and the School of Urban Affairs and Public Policy <http://ceep.udel.edu/academics/applying/index.html>.

University of Florida. BA, M.A., and Ph.D. in history of science, technology, and medicine via the History Department. <http://web.history.ufl.edu/1-fac-staff/1-fs-hps.html>.

University of Georgia. M.A. and Ph.D. in history with a concentration in the history of science, technology, and the environment <http://www.uga.edu/history/Science.htm>.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Graduate curriculum in STS-related courses for disciplinary Ph.D.'s in various fields associated with the Program in Science, Technology, Information, and Medicine < http://www2.uiuc.edu/unit/STIM/>.

University of Iowa. M.A. and Ph.D. in the Program in the History of Technology and Science <http://www.public.iastate.edu/~history_info/hots/hots%20program.htm#degree>.

University of Kansas. BA in history with a concentration in the history of science; Ph.D. in history with a concentration in environmental history from the History Department <http://www.history.ku.edu/History%20Home.htm>.

University of Maryland, College Park. Undergraduate certificate in science, technology, and society via undergraduate core requirement and STS Scholars program <http://www.sts.umd.edu/Scholars/Requirements/index.html>; M.A. and Ph.D. in philosophy with a specialization in the philosophy of science via the Philosophy Department and the Committee for Philosophy and Science <http://carnap.umd.edu/cpas/programs.html>; M.A. and Ph.D. in history with field specialization in science and technology <http://www.history.umd.edu/graduate.html>.

University of Michigan: Graduate certificate and undergraduate minor from the Science, Technology, and Society Program <http://www.umich.edu/%7Eumsts/index.html>. The University of Michigan at Dearborn has a minor in “science and technology studies” with a focus on automotive technology, offered by the STS Program <http://casl.umd.umich.edu/STS/>.

University of Minnesota. Undergraduate minor, master’s, and Ph.D. in history of science and technology via the program in the History of Science and Technology http://webusers.physics.umn.edu/~hsci/index.html>. Focus on philosophy of science available within the Ph.D. in philosophy via the Philosophy Department and Minnesota Center for the Philosophy of Science. <http://www.philosophy.umn.edu/>. Undergraduate minor, master’s, and Ph.D. in history of medicine via the Program in the History of Medicine http://www.med.umn.edu/history/PhD.htm>. M.S. in Science, Technology, and Environmental Policy <http://www.hhh.umn.edu/academics/gradprograms/index.htm>.

University of New Hampshire. Undergraduate minor in the history and philosophy of science via the History Department <http://www.unh.edu/history/golinski/file9.html>; undergraduate BA in psychology with a track in the history of psychology via the Psychology Department <http://www.unh.edu/psychology/undergrad_pro.htm#major>; Ph.D. in psychology with a concentration in the history of psychology via the Psychology Department and History Department <http://www.unh.edu/psychology/grad_pro.htm#history>.

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Ph.D. in history with a major area in history of science, medicine, and technology via the History Department at UNC and at Duke University <http://www.unc.edu/depts/history/fields/science.html>.

University of Notre Dame. Undergraduate minor in Science, Technology, and Values; Ph.D. in history or philosophy with a focus on history and philosophy of science from the two departments and the Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values <http://www.nd.edu/~reilly/>.

University of Oklahoma. Undergraduate minor, M.A., and Ph.D. in history of science via Department of History of Science < http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/>.

University of Pennsylvania. Bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. in History and Sociology of Science via Department of History and Sociology of Science. Includes strengths in history of biology and medicine. <http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/hss2/hss/about/about.html>.

University of Pittsburgh. Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science < http://www.pitt.edu/~hpsdept/grad/grad_overview.html>.

University of Texas, Austin. Ph.D. specialization in the history and philosophy of science via disciplinary degrees via the history and philosophy of science program < http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~philsci/HPS_Description.html>.

University of Toronto. Undergraduate programs in the History and Philosophy of Science and in the History of Science and Technology, and master’s and Ph.D. in the history and philosophy of science, offered via the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology and the Department of Philosophy. <http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ihpst/>.

University of Virginia. Undergraduate courses and minors in “History of Science and Technology” and “Technology Policy and Management,” graduate concentration on societal and ethical dimensions of engineering, offered via the Department of Science, Technology, and Society in the School of Engineering and Applied Science <http://www.tcc.virginia.edu/stshome/tiki-index.php>.

University of Washington. Undergraduate minor in medical history and ethics via the Department of Medical History and Ethics <http://depts.washington.edu/mhedept/acapro/minor.html>; BA in history and philosophy of science via the philosophy department and M.A./PhD in philosophy with a philosophy of science concentration area <http://depts.washington.edu/philweb/>; undergraduate minors in history of science and medical history and ethics <http://depts.washington.edu/history/studying/undergrad/index.html>; M.A. and Ph.D. in history with concentration in history of science <http://depts.washington.edu/history/studying/graduate/divisions/histscience.html>.

University of West Virginia. M.A. and Ph.D. in history with a specialty in the history of science and technology in the History Department <http://www.as.wvu.edu/history/GRequirements.htm>.

University of Wisconsin. Undergraduate major in history of science, minor in history of medicine and minor in STS, and Ph.D. in history of science and medicine from the History of Science Department and History of Medicine Department<http://histsci.wisc.edu>, <http://medhist.wisc.edu/main.htm#department>. Ph.D. minor in Science and Technology Studies from the Science and Technology Studies program <http://sts.wisc.edu/gradstudies.htm>. Ph.D. in philosophy or history with a focus on history and philosophy via the departments of history and philosophy <http://philosophy.wisc.edu/INFO/SIGS.HTM#IVT>.

Vassar College. Undergraduate major in Science, Technology, and Society < http://sciencetechnologyandsociety.vassar.edu/index.html>.

Virginia Tech. Undergraduate major, master’s, and Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies via program of that name, which coordinates departmental resources, and the Science and Technology in Society Department The interdisciplinary graduate program includes strengths in history, philosophy, policy, and the social sciences. A doctoral program in STS is also available at the northern Virginia campus. <http://www.sts.vt.edu/ >.

Washington University. D.Sci. in Engineering and Policy via the Department of Engineering and Policy in the School of Engineering and Applied Science. <http://userfs.cec.wustl.edu/~ep/DSc.html>

Wesleyan University. Undergraduate major in Science in Society via the Science in Society program < http://www.wesleyan.edu/sisp/>.

Western Michigan University. M.A. in philosophy with a concentration in epistemology and philosophy of science < http://www.wmich.edu/philosophy/grad/grad-reqs.htm>.

Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Undergraduate major in science, technology, and policy via the Department of Social Sciences and Policy Studies < http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/SSPS/>.

Yale University. Master’s and Ph.D. in History of Medicine and Science by the program in History of Medicine and Science < http://info.med.yale.edu/histmed/>.

York University. M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology with a concentration in history and theory < http://www.psych.yorku.ca/grad/ht/>; BA in Science, Technology, and Society in the School of Analytic Studies and Information Technology < http://www.yorku.ca/sasit/sts/>.

1 Cutliffe, Stephen. “The Emergence of STS as an Academic Field.” Research in Philosophy and Technology, vol. 9: Ethics and Technology, edited by Carl Mitcham, pp. 287-301, 1989. Roy, Rustum. ND. History of the STS program at Penn State. <http://www.engr.psu.edu/sts/About/History.htm>, accessed September 1, 2004.

2 The listing is only for departments with programs in the philosophy of science at the doctoral level. Other departments have faculty strengths and course offerings, and for some topics may be better candidates for doctoral study. The philosophical Gourmet Report provides more information on doctoral programs in the philosophy of science, including a breakdown by subtypes <http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/>.